Physiographic Evolution

1. Origin of the Indian Landmass India was once part of Gondwanaland, a southern supercontinent. Breakup began around 180 million years ago, initiating continental drift. 2. Northward Drift of the Indian Plate The Indian Plate moved rapidly northwards. Collision with the Eurasian Plate around 40–50 million years ago shaped major landforms. 3. Formation of the Himalayas Result of folding and uplift due to plate collision. Continues to rise due to ongoing tectonic activity. 4. Development of the Northern Plains Formed by alluvial deposition from the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputr river systems. Represents one of the world’s largest gradational plains. 5. Evolution of the Peninsular Plateau Oldest and most stable part of India. Formed from Archaean and Precambrian rocks. Shaped by erosion, faulting, and volcanic activity (e.g., Deccan Traps). 6. Formation of the Coastal Plains Created by submergence and emergence of land along the coasts. Influenced by marine processes, sedimentation, and river deltas. 7. Development of the Indian Desert Result of tectonic subsidence, arid climate, and wind...